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Ly Thanh Tong secondary school NAME: ________________________
English grade 9 - The second semester Class: 9A ____
CONNECTIVES – Từ nối
I. Tổng quát về các lọai từ nối:
Dùng để nối hai từ, hai cụm từ hoặc hai mệnh đề có ngữ nghĩa giống nhau, trái ngược nhau, nguyên nhân, kết quả, điều kiện, nhượng bộ …
Lọai từ nối Ngữ nghĩa Giới từ tương đương
- And, moreover, besides, furthermore,
both … and …, not only … but also … : và, ngòai ra in addition to
- But, however: nhưng, tuy nhiên
- Because, as, since: bởi vì because of
- So, therefore: vì thế, vì vậy
- Though, although, even though: mặc dù, dù cho despite, in spite of
- If, as long as, unless: nếu, trừ phi
- or: hoặc là
- so that, in order that, in order to: để mà
Dấu phẩy và những từ nối
- Because, for, as, since và so, therefore (nguyên nhân và kết qủa)
- But, however và though, although, even though (Nhượng bộ mặc dù không thuận lợi)
Lưu ý: trong một câu chỉ được phép sử dụng một lọai từ nối:
- Có because thì không có so và ngược lại
- Có but (thường có still đi kèm) thì không có although và ngược lại (still: vẫn)
Từ nối (connectives) và những giới từ (prepositions) tương đương:
- Connectives + clause (S + V + O/C) sau từ nối phải có chủ ngữ + động từ + …
- Prepositions + noun phrase (a/an/the + adjective + noun) sau giới từ là một cụm danh từ
Thí dụ minh họa:
- Because và because of
1. John was absent from class yesterday because he was sick. (hai chủ ngữ giống nhau)
→ John was absent from class yesterday because of being sick. (lược bỏ chủ ngữ he, giới từ + V.ing)
→ Because of being sick, John was absent from class yesterday.
2. John was absent from class because it rained heavily. (hai chủ ngữ khác nhau)
→ John was absent from class yesterday because of the heavy rain. (thay chủ ngữ it bằng mạo từ the)
→ Because of the heavy rain, John was absent from class yesterday.
- Although và in spite of, despite
1. Liz still went to school yesterday although she was sick. (hai chủ ngữ giống nhau)
→ Liz still went to school yesterday in spite of being sick. (lược bỏ chủ ngữ she)
→ Despite being sick, Liz still went to school yesterday.
2. Liz still went to school yesterday although it rained heavily. (hai chủ ngữ khác nhau)
→ Liz still went to school yesterday despite the heavy rain. (thay chủ ngữ it bằng mạo từ the)
→ In spite of the heavy rain, Liz still went to school yesterday.
Luyện tập:
- ____________ English is their official language, most of them can speak Chinese very well.
A. Although B. So C. Despite D. If
- The tall tree had fallen across the road, ______ they had to turn around and go back.
A. because B. so C. but D. and
- They went on playing __________ it started to rain.
A. though B. because C. but D. despite
- The weather is bad, ______________ we don’t go on a picnic
A. however B. but C. so D. because
- My sister is very good at mathematics, ___________ she can do all the exercises easily.
A. but B. so C. because D. So that
- Some sports on TV are violent, _____ you shouldn’t let children watch them.
A. and B. but C. therefore D. so
- We couldn’t go on a picnic as planed _______________ it was raining hard.
A. however B. but. C. because D. so
- We stayed at home _________________ it was raining heavily.
A. so B. but C. therefore D. because
- He is tired ________________he stayed up late watching TV.
A. so B. because C. but D. and
- _________ you are interested in this film, don’t go to see it at any cost.
A. If B. Unless C. Because D. So
- Nam got wet ……………. he forgot his umbrella.
A. so B. however C. therefore D. because
- I couldn’t unlock the door _______ I had the wrong key.
A. so B. although C. because D. so that
- He tried to go to class regularly_______________ he was very busy.
A. though B. and C. but D. so
- That worker did not work hard enough, _________ he lost his job.
A. and B. so C. but D. or
- He is tired…………..he stayed up late watching TV.
A. so B. because C. but D. and
- They worked very hard. ………………………….. , they passed the exam easily.
A. Therefore B. However C. Because D. Besides
- ________ he stayed up late doing his homework, he could not get up early to have breakfast.
A. Although B. Because of C. For D. Since
- Our environment is becoming polluted now, so we have to do something to protect it.
Because _________________________________________________________________
- Because of the bad weather, we couldn’t go to school on time yesterday. Since____________________________________________________________________
- They don’t have time, but they try to eat dinner together.
Though __________________________________________________________________
- Although it rained heavily, they played soccer.
In spite of ________________________________________________________________
- Nancy was sad after losing the contest, but she managed to smile.
Even though ______________________________________________________________
- In spite of having a terrible headache, she went to work.
She went to work although __________________________________________________
- Although she is serious ill, she enjoyed life very much.
Despite __________________________________________________________________
- Cars cause pollution, but people still want them.
Though __________________________________________________________________
- His tiredness after the long drive did not prevent him from finishing his work.
Although _________________________________________________________________
- In spite of the heat in the afternoon, we decided not to go swimming.
Although _________________________________________________________________
- He stayed home because he had a stomachache.
Because of ________________________________________________________________
- I don’t have a computer, so I can’t get more work done.
Because of________________________________________________________________
- As she was violent sick, she couldn’t come to class.
Because of ________________________________________________________________
- Although it rained heavily, we went to Hoa’s birthday party.
In spite ___________________________________________________________________
Trích các đề tuyển sinh:
- . ___________ the Thi Vai River is awfully polluted, its water is not fit for fish to survive.
A. So that B. Although C. Since D. If
- . _______ television, people can get the latest information and enjoy interesting programs.
A. Though B. Because C. Therefore D. Thanks to
- I decide not to move to that house_______ its neighborhood is noisy.
A. because B. though C. because of D. so
- Thousands of lives were saved________ the scientists had warned them about the tsunami.
A. although B. however C. because D. therefore
- Ho Chi Minh City is the most interesting city in Vietnam; _______, it’s not the capital of the nation.
A. so B. however. C. moreover D. therefore
- …………… there have been many changes in his life, he still remains a nice man to everyone.
A. However B. Despite C. Because D. Although
- Plastic bags seem good for carrying things. _________, people carelessly throw them away after use.
A. Because B. However C. Although D. Therefore
- The weather is fine, but Thu is still bringing a raincoat with her.
Although ________________________________________________________
- It is raining hard, but they still want to go to school.
They still want ____________________________________________________
Những lỗi thường gặp:
- Chưa bỏ đi một trong hai cặp từ trái nghĩa:
so, therefore – because, since, as.
Though, although, even though – but, however
- Chưa đổi được một mệnh đề; S + V + O/C sang một cụm danh từ: a/an + adj + noun.
- Chưa lưu ý cách dùng dấu phẩy với một số từ nối: có hay không có, phía trước hay phía sau.